Writers stressed over the events after WWII, but a writer named Takashi Murakami sees Japan's defeat and the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as having long-lasting scars on Japanese artistic psyche, in this view, lost its previous virile confidence in itself and sought solace in harmless and kawaii (cute) images. However, Takyumi Tatasumi sees a special role for a transpacific economic and cultural transnationalism, it created a postmodern and shared international youth culture of cartooning, film, television, music, and related popular arts, which was, for Tasaumi the "crucible in which modern manga have developed".